Foreign relations and military

The United States exercises global economic, political, and military influence. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and New York City hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, Sudan, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States.
The United States enjoys strong ties with the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and Israel. It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world. As a share of gross national income (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18% ranked last among twenty-two donor states. In contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.[45]

Parties, ideology, and politics

The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. For elective offices at all levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.
Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered center-right or "conservative" and the Democratic Party is considered center-left or "liberal". The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative.
The winner of the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th U.S. president. All previous presidents were men of solely European descent. The 2008 elections also saw the Democratic Party strengthen its control of both the House and the Senate. In the 111th United States Congress, the Senate comprises 57 Democrats, two independents who caucus with the Democrats, and 41 Republicans; the House comprises 253 Democrats and 177 Republicans (five seats are vacant

Contemporary era

Under President George H. W. Bush, the United States took a lead role in the UN–sanctioned Gulf War. The longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history—from March 1991 to March 2001—encompassed the Bill Clinton administration and the dot-com bubble.[41] A civil lawsuit and sex scandal led to Clinton's impeachment in 1998, but he remained in office. The 2000 presidential election, one of the closest in American history, was resolved by a U.S. Supreme Court decision—George W. Bush, son of George H. W. Bush, became president.
On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and The Pentagon near Washington, D.C., killing nearly three thousand people. In response, the Bush administration launched a "War on Terrorism". In late 2001, U.S. forces led an invasion of Afghanistan, removing the Taliban government and al-Qaeda training camps. Taliban insurgents continue to fight a guerrilla war. In 2002, the Bush administration began to press for regime change in Iraq on controversial grounds.[42] Lacking the support of NATO or an explicit UN mandate for military intervention, Bush organized a Coalition of the Willing; coalition forces preemptively invaded Iraq in 2003, removing dictator Saddam Hussein. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused severe destruction along much of the Gulf Coast, devastating New Orleans. On November 4, 2008, amid a global economic recession, Barack Obama was elected president. He is the first African American to hold the office. In early 2010, he oversaw the enactment of major health care reform.

My city Butwal

Incredible Butwal wakes up with dawn from the hill park accustomed centre of recreation. The sunshine's on the face of Phulbari enchanting creping of birds and flapping of leaves. Butwal is situated at the bank of Tinau river. The howling of prays in mosque, gumba and temples really relief people in the city from atheism. People of different cast, culture and creed meticulous harmonious relationship.
Siddhababa temple at the north, Manakamana temple at the west and Krishna Temple at the bank of Tinau makes incredible Butwal, a religious centre.
Butwal is a metropolitan city with grooming trade and business. Mahendra and Siddartha highway connects Butwal with western and northern zones. High heel buildings, lavish departmental stores and multi supermarkets symbolize growth of trade. Butwal industrial estate, one of the renowned industrial sector situated at the southern part of the city, is contributing a lot in economic upliftment of nation. Industries of plastics, confectionaries, soap, steel, milk, cotton products, pipes, dhaka etc. are local products. Butwal Industrial Estate resumes all the facilities for the establishment of industries. Bulk business transactions lure financial institutions blooming in the area. More than fifty financial institutions provide their services. Paschimanchal finance company building regarded as tallest automated building in the western development region. Countries first auto village emerged in Butwal providing all kind of facilities for the maintenance of vehicles. It is one of the major cities of the country from the economic point of view.
Besides reciting economic view, Butwal is an educational milestone contributing in development of professional manpower related to science, commerce, humanities, sociology and arts. Its magnificent result of last two year in S.L.C created challenges for rest of the cities of the country. It is an educational zone muddled up visionary students and lecturers. Technical and medical insights from different educational parameters like Butwal Technical Institute, Mayadevi and Sanjivani Nursing School etc are eminent manpower producers. Education institutions succumbed intermediate, bachelor and master level in different faculties and provide students from neighboring districts "An Educational hub".
Information clink sharp in Butwal aspiring National Daily online newspaper. Moreover, Butwal is media hub after Kathmandu. Personnel and reporters manipulate national agenda and elite views published in Local newspapers. Political party's leaders of Butwal are vivid with national agenda. History of Butwal itself tells how bravely King Ujurshing fought with British army. Butwal support for liberalization of Nepal was commendable.
Moreover, Hillpark, Phulbari and Ramaphithecus Park situated within periphery of Butwal are vigilance places for local and foreign tourists. On the other hand Siddhababa, Bolbom, Manakamana, Kalika temple and Muktinath dham indulges Hindus from neighboring cities and countries. Variety of culture, rites and rituals in the region sparkle Nepalese unity and integrity. Padma Chaitya Bihar, Mosque and Church within the province of the city clustered a harmonious wall of religious devotees. Diversity in culture, natural beauty, luxurious hotels and restaurants and assertive people mindboggling Butwal as, "Tourism garden of the country".
On the other hand, Lumbini Zonal Hospital located at the centre of the city is providing medical facilities to local people as well as travelers. An automated hospital for the people includes all the primary and secondary parameters. Skillful doctors and nurses have esteemed the services provided in the zone. Besides Lumbini, Amda hospital for women and child is contributing a lot reduce infant child death rate. Better and sophisticated medical facilities are provided by both private and government medical house.
At last, but not the least, Butwal is an asset for the economic, educational, political, social & medical and tourism development in the country. Butwal vitalizes the powers restored in human potential to face challenges crest and trough in upcoming future paramount.
Bibhuti

Progressivism, imperialism, and World War I (1890–1918)

After the Gilded Age came the Progressive Era, whose followers called for reform over perceived industrial corruption. Viewpoints taken by progressives included greater federal regulation of anti-trust laws and the industries of meat-packing, drugs, and railroads. Four new constitutional amendments—the Sixteenth through Nineteenth—resulted from progressive activism.[73] The era lasted from 1900 to 1918, the year marking the end of World War I.[74]
U.S. Federal government policy, since the James Monroe Administration, had been to move the indigenous population beyond the reach of the federal frontier into a series of Indian reservations. Tribes were generally forced onto small reservations as farmers and ranchers took over their lands.

Reconstruction and the rise of industrialization (1865–1890)

Reconstruction took place for most of the decade following the Civil War. During this era, the "Reconstruction Amendments" were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans. Those amendments included the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment that guaranteed citizenship for all people born or naturalized within U.S. territory, and the Fifteenth Amendment that granted the vote for all men regardless of race. While the Civil Rights Act of 1875 forbade discrimination in the service of public facilities, the Black Codes denied blacks certain privileges readily available to whites.[65]
In response to Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) emerged around the late 1860s as a white-supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights. Increasing hate-motivated violence from groups like the Klan influenced both the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 that classified the KKK as a terrorist group[66] and an 1883 Supreme Court decision nullifying the Civil Rights Act of 1875; however, in the Supreme Court case United States v. Cruikshank the Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as regulating only states' decisions regarding civil rights.[67] The case defeated any protection of blacks from terrorist attacks, as did the later case United States v. Harris.[68]

Cold War and protest politics

The United States and Soviet Union jockeyed for power after World War II during the Cold War, dominating the military affairs of Europe through NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The United States promoted liberal democracy and capitalism, while the Soviet Union promoted communism and a centrally planned economy. Both supported dictatorships and engaged in proxy wars. American troops fought Communist Chinese forces in the Korean War of 1950–53. The House Un-American Activities Committee pursued a series of investigations into suspected leftist subversion, while Senator Joseph McCarthy became the figurehead of anticommunist sentiment.
The 1961 Soviet launch of the first manned spaceflight prompted President John F. Kennedy's call for the United States to be first to land "a man on the moon," achieved in 1969. Kennedy also faced a tense nuclear showdown with Soviet forces in Cuba. Meanwhile, the United States experienced sustained economic expansion. A growing civil rights movement, symbolized and led by African Americans such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr., and James Bevel, used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination. Following Kennedy's assassination in 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed under President Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson and his successor, Richard Nixon, expanded a proxy war in Southeast Asia into the unsuccessful Vietnam War. A widespread countercultural movement grew, fueled by opposition to the war, black nationalism, and the sexual revolution. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, and others led a new wave of feminism that sought political, social, and economic equality for women